OCEAN OIL AND GAW DRILLING AND THE LAW【2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载】

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Ⅰ Offshore Oil and Gas Technology1

A The Exploration Phase1

B The Construction Phase2

1 Steel Jacketed Platforms2

2 Concrete Gravity Platforms4

3 Articulated Columns8

4 Pipelines9

C The Development and Production Phase11

1 Drilling11

2 Production of Oil22

3 Production of Gas25

4 Subsea Completions27

5 Workover29

6 Storage of Oil32

7 Personnel: Logistics, Training and Safety Measures33

8 Communications and Security39

9 Tanker Traffic40

10 General North Sea Production Data42

Ⅱ Proprietary Considerations45

A Exploration45

B The Right to Drill for and Produce Oil and Gas Offshore48

1 The Present United States Leasing System49

2 Suggested Alternatives and New Legislation Affecting the U.S. Bonus Bid System51

3 Summary of British Licensing System55

4 Licensing in the Norwegian Sector of the North Sea58

(a) Allocation Technique59

(b) Payment of Roylaties60

(c) Participation by Statoil61

(d) Disposition of Oil63

5 Abandonment of the License63

C Joint Operating Agreements65

1 General Concepts65

2 Participation Agreements in the Norwegian Sector of the North Sea66

(a) Exploratory and Developmental Activity: Statoil's Role66

(b) The Operator and the Management Committee68

(c) Ownership Assets72

(d) Liability of the Joint Venturers75

(e) Disposal of Production77

(f) Statoil's Option to Increase Its Participation80

(g) Provisions for the Assignment or Sale of a Participant's Interest81

(h) Consequences of Breaching Participation Agreement or License83

(i) Resolution of Disputes84

3 Antitrust Implications of Group Development and Exploitation of Offshore Resources85

(a) Behavior and Agreement Inside the United States85

(b) The United States Impact of Extra-Territorial Action88

D Construction Contracts for Offshore Facilities and Services95

1 Representations, Warranties, Quality Assurance and Design Data96

(a) Representations and General Obligations96

(b) Warranties96

(c) Quality Assurance99

(d) Proprietary Information100

2 Mechanics of Payments and Acceptance of Work101

(a) Basis of Payment101

(b) Change Orders and Extra Work102

(c) Acceptance103

(d) Problems Relating to Sub-Contractors104

3 Remedies for Breach by Contractor105

(a) Replacement of Work and Materials; Options to Complete105

(b) Delay and Extensions; Liquated Damages106

(c) Cancellation107

(d) Force Majeure108

(e) Limitation on Recovery; Consequential Losses109

4 Indemnification110

5 Towage Contracts113

(a) Transport Obligations and Payment Schemes114

(b) Indemnity and Exclupatory Clauses116

(c) Excusing Events118

(d) The Forum Clause119

6 Pipe Fabrication and Pipelaying Contracts119

(a) Acceptance Testing120

(b) Compensation120

(c) Indemnity121

(d) Remedies122

7 Drilling from Fixed Facilities123

(a) Compensation Schemes123

(b) Indemnity and Hold Harmless Clauses125

(c) Cancellation127

8 Choice of Law and Dispute Resolution127

E Financing130

1 Conceptual Issues Connected With Offshore Loans131

(a) The Constellation of Risks131

(b) The Value of the License and Assets as Collateral134

(c) The Negative Pledge Concept135

(d) Some General Parameters for Loan Approval in Project Financing136

(e) Typical Lending MechaNisms for Medium-Term Roll-Over Eurodollar Loans136

Drawdown & Repayment137

Commissions and Fees138

2 Variations of Financing Arrangements138

(a) Recourse Financing138

(b) Non-Recourse or Project Financing140

(c) Forward Purchase Agreement Assignments; Take-or-Pay Contracts; Throughput Agreements141

(d) Export Credits145

(e) Supplier Credit145

(f) Production Payments146

3 Acts of Default147

(a) Insolvency147

(b) Failure to Make Payments; Breach of Covenants149

(c) Cross-Default Clauses150

4 Options and Remedies of the Lender151

(a) Consent Clauses; Covenants; Coparticipant Responsibility; Intervention in Decision Making151

(b) Acceleration Clauses153

(c) Attempts to Attach or Foreclose on Offshore Assets or the Proceeds of Production153

F Insurance156

1 Builders' All Risk Coverage156

(a) The Assureds156

(b) The Period of Coverage157

(c) Valuation and Basis of Recovery158

(d) Coverages for Property Loss and Related Expenses161

(e) Conditions, Exclusions, Limitations and Deductibles167

(f) Coverage for Liability to Third Party172

(g) Wreck Removal; Direct Actions175

2 Operations Phase Insurance175

(a) Property Risks on the Platform176

(b) Pipelines178

(c) Costs of Control178

(d) Pollution Liability180

(e) Liability Insurance181

3 Oil Pollution Liability Agreement (OPOL)181

(a) Internal Arrangements and Guarantees181

(b) Claims Which Can Be Brought Under the OPOL Agreement185

(c) Dispute Resolution and Payments Mechanism186

4 O.I.L. Syndicate186

(a) Eligibility and Internal Arrangements187

(b) Coverage, Basis of Recovery and Exclusions187

(c) Premium Calculation, Policy Term Recovery Limits and Deductibles189

Ⅲ Public and International Law Considerations193

A Internatiunal Law193

1 The Truman Proclamation193

2 Unilateral Assertions of Control or Sovereignty194

3 The 1958 Convention of the Continental Shelf196

4 Resolution of North Sea Boundary Disputes198

5 The U.K.-Norway Treaty for the Frigg Field200

6 Law of the Sea Conference202

(a) The Exclusive Economic Zone203

(b) The Seabed Authority206

B Administrative Law Regulating Offshore Exploitation209

1 U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)210

(a) Development Plan Approval210

(b) Special Orders bY Supervisor211

(c) OCS General Orders; Inspections213

Conservation213

Platforms214

Drilling216

Subsurface Safety Valves218

(d) Failure Data Bank and Other Technological Improvements220

2 Bureau of Land Management221

(a) Lease Stipulations; Cancellations and Suspension222

(b) United Kingdom Model License Clauses223

3 United States Coast Guard225

4 United States Army Engineers227

5 Office of Pipeline Safety228

6 Department of the Interior229

(a) Environmental Impacts Statements (EIS)229

(b) Judicial Challenges to Administrative Action233

(c) 1976 Amendments to the Coastal Zone Management Act240

(d) New Federal Legislation244

C State Legislation Pertaining to Coastal or Offshore Petroleum Activities248

1 United States v. Maine,/ 420 U.S. 515 (1974)248

2 Atlantic Richfield Co. v. Ray,/ 98 S.Ct. 988 (1978)249

3 Askew v. American Waterways Operators, /411 U.S. 325 (1973) 254

4 A State Statute Not Yet Challenged255

D The Deepwater Ports Act255

1 Applications and Approval Procedures257

2 Ongoing Requirements259

E Regulatory Restraints in the United Kingdom260

1 Conservation and Production Control260

2 Safety Regulations262

F Regulatory Constraints in Norway264

1 Conservation and Production Profile Review264

2 Norwegian Petroluem Directorate Technical Approvals266

(a) Facility Construction266

(b) Drilling and Workover268

(c) Safety Inspections and Production Equipment269

(d) Sanctions for Non-compliance270

G Criminal Law271

Ⅳ Civil Liability Considerations275

A Manufacturers' Liability275

1 Design Defects and Errors in Selecting or Applying Safety Factors275

2 Testing and Reliability281

3 Manufacture, Assembly and Installation283

4 Servicing and Repairs285

5 Component Suppliers285

6 Warnings and Instructions: Misuse and Other Defenses287

7 Economic losses290

8 Interplay with Contract Provisions291

9 Scandinavian Law of Manufacturers' Liability293

B Collision295

1 Collisions Involving the Platform While Under Tow295

2 Collisions Occurring after the Platform is in Place298

3 Measuring Damages301

C Personal Injury and Death303

1 Employees of the Operator303

(a) Death on the High Seas Act (46 USC §§ 761-768 (1970))303

(b) Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (43 USC § 1331 et. seq. (1970)) and other Federal Statutes305

(c) Longshoreman and Harborworkers Compensation Act (33USC ~901et. seq. (1976))310

(d) Occupational Safety and Hazards Act (29 USC §§ 651 et. seq. (1970))311

2 Employees of Service Contractors313

3 Injury and Compensation under Norwegian Law318

4 United Kingdom Law Governing Personal Injury319

D Liability Arising Out of Design, Operations, and Maintenance of an Offshore Facility323

1 Design Negligence; Possible Non-Delegable Duty323

2 Ultra-Hazardous Activity324

3 Preventative Maintenance326

E Oil Pollution327

1 Sources of Oil Pollution from Offshore Oil and Gas Operations327

(a) Leaks and Ruptures of Pipelines or Storage (Corrosion or Trauma)329

(b) Produced Water331

(c) Displaced Water, Deck Drainage and Drilling Muds332

(d) Blowouts333

(e) Sabotage and Terrorism336

(f) Slick Dispersion, Drift and Weathering337

2 Types of Damage339

(a) Property Damage339

(b) Lost Profits340

(c) Fish Kill and Other Biota Losses341

(d) Lost Fisher's Profits; Mariculture Losses344

3 Cleanup Obligations345

(a) United States Law345

(b) United Kingdom352

(c) Norway; the Bonn Agreement353

4 Compensation of Claimants354

(a) FWPCA Inapplicable354

(b) Deepwater Ports Act357

(c) Selected State Law359

(d) New Federal Legislation361

(e) North Sea Pollution Treaty363

(f) Pending Norwegian Legislation365

F Special Problems With the Fishing Industry368

1 Access Denied to Fishing Grounds368

2 Gear Losses370

Addenda375

List of Appendices379

Appendices381

Table of Cases433

Topical Index439