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Introduction： Humanitarian Intervention in ContemporaryInternational Relations1

The contemporary debate1

The end o f history2

The rise o f the ‘international community，3

Globalization and the communication revolution5

Using this book7

Part Ⅰ Concepts and Conceptions11

1 What is ‘Humanitarian Intervention，？11

‘Humanitarian intervention，， ‘humanitarian action， and‘military action，12

Features of humanitarian intervention16

The status o f the parties involved16

The question of consent18

The means18

The motives19

The issue o f legality19

Conclusion20

Questions21

Further reading21

Useful websites21

2 The Just War Tradition22

The central tenets23

The evolution of the Just War tradition25

Contemporary relevance32

Is the tradition universally applicable？34

The tradition is inherently statist34

Easily abused/who decides？36

Does the Just War tradition have any real utility？37

Conclusion38

Questions39

Further reading39

3 The Sovereign State41

The evolution of the sovereign state41

War， religion and the modern state44

Westphalia and the nation-state45

The UN Charter47

Organized hypocrisy？48

Challenging the sovereign state in the contemporary era51

The rise o f human rights51

Defending the sovereign state52

Conclusion57

Questions58

Further reading59

4 Theoretical Perspectives60

Realism61

Marxism/critical theory64

Liberalism67

The English School70

Cosmopolitanism73

Post-structuralism75

Conclusion78

Questions79

Further reading79

Part Ⅱ Controversies83

5 Legality and Legitimacy83

The evolution of international law and the legal statusof humanitarian intervention83

The evolution o f international law84

The legal status of humanitarian intervention86

Human rights law94

‘Illegal but legitimate，？96

The need for legal reform99

The feasibility of reform99

Potential legal reform100

Political will or legal obstacles？101

Conclusion102

Questions103

Further reading104

6 Sovereignty as Responsibility105

State responsibility105

Traditional approacbes to state responsibility106

State responsibility and the UN Charter107

The rise o f human security109

Political developments in the 1990s111

The responsibility to protect113

Key tenets113

International reception and the 2005 World Summit117

Challenging the responsibility to protect120

Specific failings within R2P120

A Western idea121

Will lead to increased war and instability122

［It，s their］ responsibility to protect123

Does not address the key problem124

Conclusion125

Questions126

Further reading126

7 Who Decides？128

Legitimacy， authority， power and rights129

Legitimacy129

Authority and power132

Right or duty？134

The UN Security Council135

Nature o f the Security Council，s powers135

International perception137

A source o f order， not justice139

Alternative authorities141

International morality141

Liberal hierarchy thesis143

Reform of the Security Council144

Conclusion147

Questions148

Further reading148

8 Motives and Means149

Motives149

The humanitarian imperative150

In defence o f interests151

‘He who invokes humanity wants to cheat，154

Means156

Bombing for humanity，157

Force protection158

‘War is hell，160

Conclusion162

Questions163

Further reading163

Part3 Cases167

9 ‘Humanitarian Intervention in History167

Humanitarian intervention： trends and changes168

The state and the evolution of humanitarian intervention168

Humanitarian intervention in historical context171

Conclusion： assessing the record176

Questions177

Further reading177

10 Rwanda179

Nature of the crisis179

The evolution o f the crisis180

Explaining the genocide183

International response186

International reaction186

Could more have been done？188

Impact on the debate193

Never again!194

The need for UN reform195

Critiquing intervention197

Conclusion199

Questions200

Further reading200

11 Kosovo201

Nature of the crisis201

International response204

1989-98： distracted superpowers204

October 1998-March 1999： diplomatic failure205

24 March 1999-10 June 1999： intervention207

Impact on the debate211

A war fought for values211

‘The new military humanism，212

International law after Kosovo213

Force protection and international humanitarian law216

Conclusion218

Questions219

Further reading219

12 Iraq221

Nature of the crisis222

International response224

The Bush doctrine and Iraq224

Operation Iraqi Freedom226

Lies？227

Impact on the debate228

The abuse o f humanitarian intervention229

The role o f international law231

The utility of the Just War criteria235

Conclusion238

Questions240

Further reading240

13 Darfur241

Nature of the crisis241

International response243

2003-05243

2005-08245

Impact on the debate246

Back to Rwanda？247

R2P RIP？249

The limits of global civil society？252

Conclusion255

Questions256

Further reading256

Conclusion The Future of Humanitarian Intervention？258

Three scenarios258

In defence of the status quo259

The need for legal reform261

Beyond current international law262

Conclusion264

Bibliography267

Index294