基础与临床内分泌学 英文版【2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载】

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1．Introduction to Endocrinology John D.Baxter, MD, Ralff C.J.Ribeiro, MD,PhD1

The Endocrine System1

Paracrine Autocrine Actions3

Chemical Composition of Hormones3

Vitamins Hormones4

Hormones Oncogenes4

Hormones the Immune System5

Eicosanoids: Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes, Leukotrienes, Related Compounds5

Mechanisms of Hormone Action6

Hormone Receptors6

Regulation of Responsiveness to Hormones7

Interactions Between Hormone Response Systems8

Classes of Hormone Action8

Use of Receptors for Classifying Types of Hormone Action9

Classification of Hormones by the Types of Ligands: Agonists, Antagonists, Partial Agonists-Partial Antagonists, Inactive Compounds10

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Relationships11

Neurotransmitters Hormones11

Endocrine Nervous System Relationships: Neuroendocrinology11

Gene Expression in Endocrinology Metabolism: Molecular Basis for Function of the System Genetic Endocrine Disease13

Evolution of the Endocrine System14

Cellular Control Networks the Origins of Regulatory Chemicals15

The Origins of Regulatory Proteins15

The Origins of Hormones15

Intracellular Communication16

Evolution of Genes Involved in the Endocrine System16

Integrative Networks16

Evolution of the Endocrine Glands16

Hormone Synthesis Release17

Hormone Transport17

Steroid Thyroid Hormones Vitamin D18

Polypeptide Hormones18

Catecholamine Eicosanoid Metabolism19

Steroid Thyroid Hormones Vitamin D19

Peptide Hormones19

Metabolism Elimination of Hormones19

Regulation of the Endocrine System20

Actions of Hormones20

Developmental Effects20

Cell Growth Cancer20

Central Nervous System Effects21

Effects on Metabolism21

Effects on Cardiovascular Renal Function21

Effects on Mineral Water Metabolism22

Effects on Skeletal Functions22

Effects on Reproductive Function22

Release of Other Hormones22

Effects on Immunologic Functions23

Disorders of the Endocrine System23

Endocrine Hypofunction23

Endocrine Hyperfunction24

Defects in Sensitivity to Hormones25

Syndromes of Hormone Excess Due to Administration of Exogenous Hormone or Medication26

Disorders of the Endocrine Glands not Associated With Endocrine Disease27

Approach to the Patient With Endocrine Disease27

History Physical Examination27

Laboratory Studies28

Screening for Endocrine Diseases32

Treatment of Endocrine Diseases33

Uses of Hormones in Therapy of Nonendocrine Disease34

2．Hormone Synthesls Release Vishwanath R.Lingappa, MD, PhD, Synthia H.Mellon, PhD38

Overview of Hormone Biosynthesis38

Membrane Vesicle-Mediated Hormone Export39

Hormone Export not Mediated by Membrane VesicIes49

Metabolism. Transport. Elimination. Regulation of Hormones55

3．Mechanisms of Hormone Action David G.Gardner, MD59

Receptors59

Neurotransmitter Peptide Hormone Receptors61

Seven-Transmembrane Receptors62

G Protein Transducers62

Effectors63

G Protein-Linked Receptors Human Disease66

Growth Factor Receptors67

Cytokine Receptors69

Guanylyl Cyclase-Linked Receptors70

Nuclear Action of Peptide Hormones71

Nuclear Receptors72

Steroid Receptor Family72

Thyroid Receptor Family74

Nongenomic Effects of the Steroid Hormones77

Steroid Thyroid Hormone Receptor Resistance Syndromes77

4．Endocrine Autoimmunity Juan Carlos Jaume, MD80

Immune Recognition Response81

Basic Immune Components Mechanisms81

Tolerance85

Autoimmunity Is Multifactorial90

Genetic Factors in Autoimmunity90

Environmental Factors in Autoimmunity90

Single Gland Autoimmune Syndromes91

Autoimmune Aspects of Thyroid Disease91

Autoimmune Aspects of Type I Diabetes93

Autoimmune Aspects of Other Endocrinopathies95

Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndromes97

Autoimmune Polyglandular SyndromeⅠ(APS-Ⅰ)97

Autoimmune Polyglandular SyndromeⅡ(APS-Ⅱ)98

Management of Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndromes98

5．Hypothalamus Pituitary David C.Aron, MS, MD, James W.Findling, MD, J.Blake Tyrrell, MD100

Hypothalamic Hormones105

Anterior Pituitary Hormones110

ACTH Related Peptides110

Growth Hormone112

Prolactin114

Thyrotropin116

Gonadotropins:Luteinizing Hormone Follicle-Stimulating Hormone117

Endocrinologic Evaluation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis119

Evaluation of ACTH120

Evaluation of Growth Hormone121

Evaluation of Prolactin122

Evaluation of TSH122

Evaluation of LH FSH122

Problems in Evaluation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis122

Effects of Pharmacologic Agents on Hypothalamic-Pituitary Function123

Endocrine Tests of Hypothalamic-Pituitary Function123

Neuroradiologic Evaluation123

Pituitary Hypothalamic Disorders126

Empty Sella Syndrome128

Hypothalamic Dysfunction129

Hypopituitarism130

Pituitary Adenomas136

Posterior Pituitary151

Antidiuretic Hormone(ADH:Vasopressin)151

Oxytocin152

Control of Water Balance152

Diabetes Insipidus154

Syndrome of Inappropriate Secretion of Antidiuretic Hormone(SIADH)158

6．Growth Dennis Styne, MD163

Normal Growth163

Intrauterine Growth163

The Placenta164

Classic Hormones of Growth Fetal Growth164

Growth Factors Oncogenes in Fetal Growth164

Insulin-like Growth Factors, Receptors, Binding Proteins164

Insulin165

Epidermal Growth Factor165

Postnatal Growth166

Fetal Origins of Adult Disease166

Measurement of Growth176

Skeletal (Bone)Age178

Disorders of Growth178

Short Stature Due to Nonendocrine Causes178

Short Stature Due to Endocrine Disorders184

The Diagnosis of Short Stature195

Tall Stature Due to Nonendocrine Causes196

Tall Stature Due to Endocrine Disorders197

7．The Thyroid Gland Francis S.Greenspan, MD, FACP201

Anatomy Histology202

Physiology204

Structure of Thyroid Hormones204

Iodine Metabolism204

Thyroid Hormone Synthesis Secretion206

Thyroid Hormone Transport210

Abnormalities in Thyroid Hormone Synthesis Release210

Metabolism of Thyroid Hormones213

Control of Thyroid Function217

The Action of Thyroid Hormones222

Physiologic Changes in Thyroid Function225

Thyroid Autoimmunity226

Tests of Thyroid Function227

Tests of Thyroid Hormones in Blood227

Evaluation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis228

Iodine Metabolism Biosynthetic Activity229

Thyroid Imaging231

Thyroid Ultrasonography or Magnetic Resonance Imaging231

Thyroid Biopsy232

Effects of Thyroid Hormones on Peripheral Tissues232

Measurement of Thyroid Autoantibodies232

Summary: Clinical Use of Thyroid Function Tests233

Disorders of the Thyroid233

Hypothyroidism235

Hyperthyroidism Thyrotoxicosis242

Thyroid Hormone Resistance Syndromes253

Nontoxic Goiter254

Thyroiditis256

Effects of Ionizing Radiation on the Thyroid Gland258

Thyroid Nodules Thyroid Cancer260

8．Mineral Metabolism Metabolic Bone Disease Dolores Shoback, MD, Robert Marcus, MD, Daniel Bikle, MD, PhD, Gordon Strewler, MD273

Cellular Extracellular Calcium Metabolism273

Parathyroid Hormone274

Calcitonin279

Vitamin D281

Integrated Control of Mineral Homeostasis288

Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma288

Hypercalcemia288

Hypocalcemia300

Bone Anatomy Remodeling306

Osteoporosis310

Osteomalacia Rickets320

Paget s Disease of Bone (Osteitis Deformans)326

Renal Osteodystrophy329

9．Glucoctorioids Adrenal Androgens David C.Aron, MD, MS, James W.Findling, MD, J.Blake Tyrrell, MD334

Embryology Anatomy334

Biosynthesis of Cortisol Adrenal Androgens337

Circulation of Cortisol Adrenal Androgens342

Metabolism of Cortisol Adrenal Androgens342

Biologic Effects343

Glucocorticoids343

Adrenal Androgens347

Laboratory Evaluation347

Disorders of Adrenocortical Insufficiency351

Primary Adrenocortical Insufficiency (Addison s Disease)351

Secondary Adrenocortical Insufficiency355

Diagnosis of Adrenocortical Insufficiency355

Treatment of Adrenocortical Insufficiency358

Prognosis of Adrenocortical Insufficiency360

Cushing s Syndrome360

Hirsutism Virilism371

Incidental Adrenal Mass371

Glucocorticoid Therapy for Nonendocrine Disorders373

10．Endocrine Hypertension Burl R.Don, MD, Morris Schambelan, MD377

Hypertension of Adrenal Origin377

Hypertension of Renal Origin389

Other Hormone Systems Hypertension395

11．Adrenal Medulla Alan Goldfien, MD399

Anatomy399

Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla400

Catecholamines400

Other Hormones409

Adrenal Medullary Hyperfunction410

Adrenal Medullary Hypofunction410

Disorders of Adrenal Medullary Function410

Pheochromocytoma411

12．Testes Glenn D.Braunstein, MD422

Anatomy Structure-Function Relationships422

Testes422

Accessory Structures424

Physiology of the Male Reproductive System424

Gonadal Steroids424

Control of Testicular Function426

Evaluation of Male Gonadal Function428

Clinical Evaluation428

Laboratory Tests of Testicular Function428

Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Male Gonadal Disorders431

Androgens431

Gonadotropins433

Clinical Male Gonadal Disorders434

Klinefelter s Syndrome434

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone434

Bilateral Anorchia436

Leydig Cell Aplasia437

Cryptorchidism437

Noonan s Syndrome (Male Turner s Syndrome)439

Myotonic Dystrophy440

Adult Seminiferous Tubule Failure440

Adult Leydig Cell Failure (Andropause)441

Erectile Dysfunction (Impotence)442

Male Infertility444

Gynecomastia446

Testicular Tumors448

13．Ovaries Alan Goldfien, MD453

Anatomy of the Ovaries453

Hormones of the Ovary454

Steroid Hormones454

Other Ovarian Hormones Regulatory Substances460

Relaxin460

The Menstrual Cycle461

Hormonal Profiles During the Menstrual Cycle461

The Ovarian Cycle463

Hormone Interaction Regulation During the Menstrual Cycle466

Cyclic Changes in the Female Reproductive Tract467

Histology of the Endometrium Throughout the Menstrual Cycle467

Cervical Mucus469

Vaginal Epithelium470

Extragenital Symptoms Associated With Normal Menstrual Function471

Premenstrual Dysmorphic Disorder (Premenstrual Syndrome)471

Dysmenorrhea472

Disorders of Ovarian Menstrual Function473

Amenorrhea in the Absence of Sexual Maturation474

Amenorrhea in Patients With Normal Secondary Sex Characteristics474

Disorders of Androgen Metabolism480

Hirsutism483

Clomiphene Citrate488

Ovulation Induction488

Anovulatory Bleeding488

Human Menopausal Gonadotropins (Menotropins)489

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone490

Bromocriptine490

Therapeutic Use of Ovarian Hormones Their Synthetic Analogs490

Treatment of Primary Hypogonadism490

Ovarian Suppression490

Threatened Abortion490

Inadequate Luteal Phase491

Diagnostic Uses491

Inhibitors of Ovarian Function491

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Analogs Antagonists491

Sclective Estrogen Receptor Modulators Antiestrogens491

Antiprogestins492

Antiandrogens492

Danazol492

Menopause493

Hormonal Changes493

Clinical Manifestations of Menopause494

Management of Menopause495

Hormonal Contraception (Oral Contraceptives)498

Pharmacologic Effects of Estrogens Synthetic Progestins498

Clinical Uses of Oral Contraceptives499

Adverse Effects of Oral Contraceptives500

Noncontraceptive Advantages of Hormonal Contraception502

Contraindications Cautions502

Drug Interactions With Oral Contraceptives502

Contraception With Progestins503

Postcoital Contraceptives Emergency Contraception503

Infertility503

Semen Abnormalities503

Infertility in the Presence of Ovulation504

Ovulatory Disorders504

In Vitro Fertilization505

Gamete Intrafollicular Transfer(GIFT)505

14．Abnormalities of Sexual Determination Differentiation Felix A.Conte, MD, Melvin M.Grumbach, MD509

Normal Sex Differentiation509

Testicular Ovarian Differentiation515

Psychosexual Differentiation517

Abnormal Sex Differentiation519

Seminiferous Tubule Dysgenesis: Chromatin-Positive Klinefelter s Syndrome Its Variants520

Syndrome of Gonadal Dysgenesis: Turner s Syndrome Its Variants522

46.XX 46.XY Gonadal Dysgenesis524

True Hermaphroditism526

Female Pseudohermaphroditism527

P450 Aromatase Deficiency531

Maternal Androgens Progestogens531

Male Pseudohermaphroditism531

Unclassified Forms of Abnormal Sexual Development in Males540

Unclassified Forms of Abnormal Sexual Development in Females542

Management of Patients With Intersex Problems542

15．Puberty Dennis Styne, MD547

Physiology of Puberty547

Delayed Puberty or Absent Puberty (Sexual Infantilism)556

Precocious Puberty (Sexual Precocity)566

16．The Endocrinology of Pregnancy Robert N.Taylor, MD, PhD, Dan I.Lebovic, MD, Mary C.Martin-Cadieux, MD575

Conception Implantation575

Fetal-Placental-Decidual Unit576

Polypeptide Hormones577

Steroid Hormones580

Maternal Adaptation to Pregnancy581

Fetal Endocrinology584

Endocrine Control of Parturition586

Endocrinology of the Puerperium587

Endocrine Disorders Pregnancy589

Pregnancy Pituitary Pathology589

Pregnancy Breast Cancer590

Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy591

Hyperthyroidism in Pregnancy592

Hypothyroidism in Pregnancy593

Diabetes Mellitus Pregnancy (by John L.Kitzmiller, MD)593

17．Regulatory Peptides of the Gut Sean J.Mulvihill, MD, Haile T.Debas, MD603

Gastrin607

Cholecystokinin608

Somatostatin609

Secretin609

Bombesin Gastrin-Releasing Peptide610

Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptidc611

Gastric Inhibitory Peptide611

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide611

Galanin612

Substance P612

Enkephalins612

Motilin613

Neurotensin613

Pancreatic Polypeptide Family614

Enteroglucagon614

Abnormalities of Regulatory Peptides in Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract614

Duodenal Ulcer614

Motility Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract615

Intlammatory Bowel Disease615

Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Gut616

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes616

Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome616

VIPoma617

Glucagonoma617

Carcinoid Tumors Carcinoid Syndrome617

Miscellaneous Tumors618

Minimally Invasive Approaches to Gut Endocrine Tumors619

Clinical Uses of Gut Peptides619

Anatomy Histology623

18．Pancreatic Hormones Diabetes Mellitus Umesh Masharani, MRCP(UK), John H.Karam, MD623

The Endocrine Pancreas623

Hormones of the Endocrine Pancreas624

Diabetes Mellitus633

Classification633

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus633

Type 2 Diabetes636

Other Specific Types of Diabetes638

Clinical Features of Diabetes Mellitus641

Type 1 Diabetes641

Type 2 Diabetes642

Laboratory Findings in Diabetes Mellitus643

Urialysis643

Blood Glucose Testing644

Serum Ketone Determinations645

Glycosylated Hemoglobin Assays645

Lipoproteins in Diabetes646

Capillary Morphometry646

Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus647

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test647

Insulin Levels648

Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test648

Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus648

Diet651

Oral Agents for the Treatment of Hyperglycemia653

Insulin661

Steps in the Management of the Diabetic Patient666

Acute Complications of Diabetes Mellitus675

Hypoglycemia675

Coma678

Chronic Complications of Diabctes Mellitus686

Specific Chronic Conplications of Diabetes Mellitus688

Diabetics Taking Insulin694

Diabetics Taking Oral Hypoglycemic Agents694

Surgery in the Diabetic Patient694

Diabetics Regulated by Diet Alone694

Prognosis for Patients With Diabetes Mellitus695

19．Hypoglycemic Disorders John H.Karam, MD699

Pathophysiology of the Counterregulatory Response to Neuroglycopenia699

Classification of Hypoglycemic Disorders703

Clinical Presentation of Hypoglycemia704

Specific Hypoglycemic Disorders706

Symptomatic Fasting Hypoglycemia With Hyperinsulinism706

Symptomatic Fasting Hypoglycemia Without Hyperinsulinism712

Nonfasting Hypoglycemia (Reactive Hypoglycemia)713

20．Disorders of Lipoprotein Metabolism Mary J.Malloy, MD, John P.Kane, MD,PhD716

Atherosclerosis716

Overview of Lipid Transport717

Differentiation of Disorders of Lipoprotein Metabolism722

The Hypertriglyceridemias724

Clinical Descriptions of Primary Secondary Disorders of Lipoprotein Metabolism724

Primary Hypertriglyceridemia725

Secondary Hypertriglyceridemia727

The Primary Hypercholesterolemias731

Familial Hypercholesterolemia731

Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia732

LP(a) Hyperlipoproteinemia732

Familial Ligand-Defective Apo B732

Secondary Hypercholesterolemia732

Hypothyroidism732

Nephrosis733

Immunoglobulin Disorders733

Anorexia Nervosa733

Cholestasis733

The Primary Hypolipidemias733

Primary Hypolipidemia Due to Deficiency of High-Density Lipoproteins734

Primary Hypolipidemia Due to Deficiency of Apo B-Containing Lipoproteins735

Other Disorders of Lipoprotein Metabolism736

The Lipodystrophies736

Secondary Hypolipidemia736

Rare Disorders737

Treatment of Hyperlipidemia737

Dietary Factors in the Management of Lipoprotein Disorders738

Drugs Used in Treatment of Hyperlipoproteinemia739

Bile Acid Sequestrants739

Niacin (Nicotinic Acid)740

Fibric Acid Derivatives741

HMGA-CoA Reductase Inhibitors741

Combined Drug Therapy742

Possible Untoward Consequences of Lipid-Lowering Therapy743

21．Obesity Overweight Marc K.Hellerstein, MD, PhD, Elizabeth J.Parks, PhD745

Controversies Uncertainties Regarding the Pathogenesis of Obesity754

Dietary Therapies755

Survey of Treatment Approaches Their Efficacy755

Surgical Treatment of Obesity756

Pharmacologic Therapies756

Other Conditions Affected by Treatment of Obesity or Overweight759

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus759

Hyperlipidemia759

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome759

Hypertension759

Gallstones759

Osteoarthritis Other Weight-Sensitive States759

A Systematic Approach to the Treatment of Obesity759

22．Hormones Cancer Debasish Tripathy, MD, Christopher C.Benz, MD762

Hormonal Effects on Tumors762

Growth Promotion Malignant Transformation762

Tumor Growth Mediated by Autocrine Paracrine Factors764

Nonsecretory Tumors765

Secretory Tumors765

Tumors Affecting Endocrine Status765

Steroid-Dependent Tumors765

Treatment-Induced Endocrinopathy766

Endocrine Therapy for Cancer767

Steroid Receptors Treatment767

Primary Modalities of Endocrine Intervention768

Combination Endocrine Therapy769

Breast Cancer in Women770

Clinical Problems770

Chemo-Endocrine Therapy770

Breast Cancer in Men774

Endometrial Cancer774

Prostatic Cancer775

Miscellaneous Tumors776

23．Humoral Manifestatlons of Mallgnancy Dolores Shoback, MD, Janet Funk, MD778

Ectopic Hormone Receptor Syndromes778

Hypercalcemia of Malignancy779

Ectopic Cushing s Syndrome783

Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH(SIADH) Secretion785

Non-Islet Cell Tumors Hypoglycemia786

Other Hormones Secreted by Tumors787

Oncogenic Osteomalacia788

Gut Hormones789

Erythropoietin789

Renin789

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 (MEN 1)792

24．Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia David G.Gardner, MD792

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2 (MEN 2)797

25．Geriatric Endocrinology Susan L.Greenspan, MD, Neil M.Resnick, MD802

Thyroid Function Disease802

Disorders of the Thyroid Gland803

Carbohydrate Intolerance Diabetes Mellitus805

Aging the Physiology of Carbohydrate Intolerance805

Diabetes Mellitus806

Osteoporosis808

Nonketotic Hyperosmolar Coma808

Osteoporosis Calcium Homeostasis808

Hyperparathyroidism815

Changes in Water Balance816

Hypernatremia816

Hyponatremia816

Hyporeninemic Hypoaldosteronism816

Glucocorticoids Stress817

Disorders of the Hypothalamid-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis817

Changes in Reproductive Function in Men818

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia819

26．Endocrine Emergencies David G.Gardner, MD, Francis S.Greenspan, MD823

Myxedema Coma823

Thyroid Storm824

Thyrotoxic Periodic Paralysis825

Amiodarone Induced Thyrotoxicosis826

Acute Adrenal Insufficiency827

Pituitary Apoplexy828

Diabetic Ketoacidosis829

Nonketotic Hyperosmolar Coma832

Hypercalcemic Crisis835

Acute Hypocalcemia837

Hyponatremia839

Diabetes Insipidus841

27．AIDS Endocrinopathies Deborah E.Sellmeyer, MD, Carl Grunfeld, MD, PhD846

Thyroid Disorders846

Adrenal Disorders847

Bone Mineral Disorders849

Gonadal Disorders849

Pituitary Disorders850

Pancreatic Disorders850

Lipid Disorders851

Conclusion851

Appendix: Table of Normal Hormone Reference Ranges853

Index867